Squash is a sport known for its high intensity, fast-paced action, and global appeal, but it has a history that is just as fascinating as the game itself. From its humble beginnings in the backstreets of 19th-century London to its current status as an international sport played by millions, squash has undergone an incredible evolution. This article will explore the journey of squash, tracing its origins, growth, and development into the beloved sport it is today.
The Origins: From Rackets to Squash
The origins of squash can be traced back to early 19th-century England. The game began as an offshoot of the sport called rackets, which was played in London’s debtors’ prisons and later at prestigious schools like Harrow. Rackets was a game that involved hitting a ball against a wall using a paddle, and it gained popularity among young students who enjoyed its challenging and dynamic nature.
The idea for squash as a distinct sport emerged when players at Harrow School began experimenting with a different type of ball—one that was softer and “squashier.” The new, soft ball allowed for greater variation in shots and required more precision, as it did not bounce as consistently or predictably as the hard ball used in rackets. This change led to a more intricate and tactical game, where players had to adapt to the slower speed and unpredictable nature of the ball.
In the early years, the game of squash spread through English schools and clubs, where it became a popular pastime for young boys. It wasn’t long before squash began to develop a reputation of its own, distinct from the game of rackets. By the mid-1800s, squash courts were being built at clubs and schools, signaling the beginning of squash as an independent sport.
The Rise of Squash Courts and Clubs
By the late 19th century, squash began to spread beyond the school grounds and was played in athletic clubs and private homes. The construction of designated squash courts led to a more standardized form of the game. The first recorded squash court in England was built at Harrow School in 1864, and soon other schools followed suit.
Squash’s popularity grew alongside the Victorian emphasis on physical fitness and athleticism. The Racquet Club of Philadelphia was the first private club to build squash courts in the United States in 1907. In Canada, Australia, and British India, squash also began to gain traction, particularly among British expatriates and members of the military, who brought the game with them as they traveled and served abroad.
Squash remained largely an upper-class pursuit during its early years, mainly due to the fact that courts were built in exclusive clubs or schools. However, as more courts were built and the sport’s appeal spread, it gradually became accessible to a broader demographic. By the early 20th century, squash was being played in different parts of the world, with local clubs forming and informal competitions held among enthusiasts.
The Standardization of Squash Rules
As squash spread, it became apparent that there was a need for standardization of the game’s rules and regulations. Different variations of the game were being played in different countries, which led to some confusion regarding equipment and playing styles. In 1923, the Squash Rackets Association (SRA) was established in England, which helped formalize the rules of the game and set the standard for court dimensions and equipment.
The standardization process allowed players from different regions to compete on equal footing. The SRA’s efforts contributed significantly to the development of the game and increased its popularity. Around the same time, similar organizations were established in other countries, such as Squash Canada in 1913 and the United States Squash Racquets Association (now known as US Squash) in 1928. These associations ensured that players from different parts of the world were playing by the same rules, which allowed for international competitions to begin taking place.
Squash Goes International
With standardized rules, squash quickly grew into an international sport. The British Open Squash Championships, established in 1930, became the premier squash competition and is often referred to as the Wimbledon of squash. The tournament attracted the best players from around the world and helped elevate the profile of squash as a professional sport.
Throughout the mid-20th century, Pakistan emerged as a dominant force in international squash. Players like Hashim Khan and Jahangir Khan took the sport to new heights, dominating tournaments for decades. Hashim Khan, who first won the British Open in 1951, set the stage for a dynasty of squash players from Pakistan, with his relatives, including Jahangir Khan, continuing the tradition.
Jahangir Khan, in particular, is often celebrated as one of the greatest players in the history of the sport. From 1981 to 1986, he went on an astonishing undefeated streak of 555 matches—a feat that remains unmatched in any sport. Jahangir’s dominance brought global attention to squash and inspired a generation of players from all over the world.
The Professional Era
The establishment of the Professional Squash Association (PSA) in 1975 was a pivotal moment in the history of squash. The PSA began organizing professional tournaments, offering prize money, and attracting talented players to pursue squash as a full-time career. The professionalization of the sport allowed squash to grow beyond an amateur pastime into a viable professional sport with a competitive tour.
Women’s squash also gained momentum during this period. The Women’s International Squash Players Association (WISPA) was established in 1983, and female players such as Susan Devoy from New Zealand and Heather McKay from Australia began to dominate the international stage. Heather McKay is considered one of the greatest female squash players of all time, remaining undefeated in competitive matches for nearly two decades.
With the establishment of both the PSA and WISPA (later merged into the PSA), professional squash expanded across continents, with tournaments held in countries from Australia to Egypt. The World Squash Championships became a major event on the international calendar, showcasing the best players in both the men’s and women’s games.
Modern Squash: Global Reach and Popularity
In the modern era, squash has continued to evolve, gaining a significant following across Europe, North America, Asia, and the Middle East. Egypt has emerged as the new powerhouse in the world of squash, producing a series of world champions who have dominated the rankings. Players like Ramy Ashour, Mohamed ElShorbagy, and Nour El Sherbini have carried on the legacy of great squash champions, showcasing skill, athleticism, and creativity that have captivated fans worldwide.
Egyptian players’ success is often attributed to a combination of accessible facilities, strong coaching programs, and the inspiration provided by previous champions. Today, Cairo is considered the unofficial squash capital of the world, with many of the top-ranked players coming from Egypt.
Efforts for Olympic Inclusion
Despite its widespread popularity and the skill level required to excel at squash, the sport has not yet been included in the Olympic Games. The World Squash Federation (WSF) has campaigned tirelessly for its inclusion, emphasizing squash’s athletic intensity, global appeal, and technological advances that make it spectator-friendly. Players and fans alike have argued that squash’s dynamic rallies, speed, and display of stamina make it a perfect fit for the Olympics. Despite missing out on recent bids, the WSF continues to push for the sport’s inclusion, hoping that one day squash will have its moment on the Olympic stage.
Technological Advancements and Squash Today
Technology has played a significant role in the modernization of squash. Advances in racquet technology—from the early wooden racquets to today’s lightweight composite materials—have changed the game dramatically, allowing players to hit the ball harder and with greater precision.
Court technology has also evolved, with the development of all-glass courts that allow spectators to view the action from all sides. These courts have made the sport more accessible to audiences, particularly at high-profile tournaments held in iconic locations like New York’s Grand Central Terminal and the Pyramids of Giza in Egypt.
The rise of digital streaming and social media has also helped squash reach a larger audience. Fans can now watch live matches online, follow their favorite players on social media, and stay updated on international tournaments. The PSA World Tour and its online presence have ensured that squash continues to grow and maintain its relevance in the modern sports landscape.
The Future of Squash
As squash looks toward the future, the focus remains on expanding its reach and attracting new players. Programs aimed at introducing squash to younger generations have been launched around the world, with many schools and community centers building squash courts to make the sport more accessible.
Squash’s emphasis on fitness, agility, and strategy makes it a compelling option for people of all ages looking to stay active. Its appeal lies not only in its physical demands but also in its mental challenges, requiring players to think several moves ahead and adapt quickly to their opponent’s strategy.
Today, squash is played by millions of people globally, with a thriving professional circuit and a passionate amateur community. Its journey from the narrow alleys of 19th-century England to gleaming glass courts on the world stage is a testament to the sport’s enduring appeal and the dedication of the players, coaches, and fans who have helped it grow.
